Exploring New Realms with 3D Printing and Miniaturization in Piezoelectrics

Developments in piezoelectrics through 3D printing and miniaturization are transcending boundaries, enabling customization and complex design, and opening new unparalleled opportunities in various sectors.

FREMONT, CA: Advancements in piezoelectrics have been instrumental in transforming diverse industries, from healthcare to consumer electronics. In recent years, two key trends have surfaced, exerting a considerable impact on piezoelectric technology: the integration of 3D printing and the pursuit of miniaturization. Furthermore, along with these prominent developments, the combination of 3D printing and the complex design of microscale structures is poised to enhance the characteristics, functionality, and anisotropic qualities of piezoelectric devices. This ushers in a new era of elevated applications and efficiency.

The Role of 3D Printing in Piezoelectric Device Fabrication

The ability to generate an electric charge in response to mechanical stress has positioned piezoelectric materials as an indispensable factor in the spectrum of applications, encompassing sensors,  energy harvesting devices, and ultrasound imaging devices. However, the advancements in structural designs and computational methodologies have prompted the recognition that incorporating 3D microscale features bolsters piezoelectric devices' properties, functionality, and antitropy.

3D printing offers a more accessible way to design small and intricate structures than certain traditional manufacturing techniques. There is growing interest in leveraging 3D printing to craft small features within piezoelectric devices, especially ultrasonic transducers. This technology presents a method to manufacture accurate microscale features that showcase a robust piezoelectric response, facilitating acoustic focusing. The potential extends to generating localized energy outputs and customizing ultrasonic emissions, suggesting applications in diverse medical fields such as in-situ imaging, cavitation-based drug delivery, and neuromodulation therapy.

The performance of ultrasonic transducers is complexly tied to the piezoelectric properties and geometrics of their active elements. Here, 3D printing is advantageous for creating small-scale active features, as conventional tools for manufacturing piezoelectric elements are limited to simpler geometrics such as flat disks, cylinders, and cubes. In contrast, additive manufacturing methods employed in 3D printing help generate a wide array of geometrics since they do not manipulate bulk, brittle materials. Instead, they build up the materials into the desired geometry, a technique recently leveraged by researchers to develop ultrasonic transducers with microscale piezoelectric active elements.

The researchers have created a downsized ultrasound transducer featuring curved lead zirconate titanate (PZT) elements utilizing an innovative 3D printing system tailored for the liquid phase sintering of piezoelectric composites. The manufacturing of these structures typically relies on conventional machining techniques such as etching, dicing, and hot pressing due to the brittleness of piezoelectric ceramics or is confined to 3D-printed composite materials incorporating piezoelectric nanoparticles and polymer matrices.

3D printing offers a distinctive avenue for crafting precise microscale features with a heightened piezoelectric response, deciphering new possibilities for ultrasonic transducer advancement.

Additive Manufacturing Techniques for Piezoelectric Ceramics

Advancements in additive manufacturing have considerably extended possibilities for fabricating piezoceramic materials. However, several methods within this domain result in devices characterized by high porosity and limited piezoelectric response, constraining their practical applications.

One viable approach includes two-photon lithography with post-process sintering, but the most promising solution lies in employing light-based stereolithography (SLA) for printing piezoelectric components. This is enabled by amalgamating piezoelectric nanoparticles with photosensitive monomers, forming composite colloidal materials that can be printed and cured using UV light.

Researchers have adopted an SLA-based additive manufacturing approach, refining a post-processing sintering method to produce dense PZT elements. This optimization aims to boost the piezoelectric response in ultrasonic transducers. Initially experimenting with a micro-stereolithography technique coupled with tape casting for accurate control of the green part, the researchers devised a liquid phase sintering method compatible with printing PZT materials through SLA. They introduced a liquid sealing process to counteract lead atom evaporation during high-temperature sintering, and a debonding process was employed to remove the supportive polymer.

These methodologies collected minimized porosity and elevated performance. The resulting PZT elements demonstrated a piezoelectric charge constant and electromechanical coupling factor of up to 583 pC/N- equivalent to 92.5% of the pristine material’s value, indicating minimal piezoelectric loss. Notably, these values surpassed those achieved values of piezoelectric elements that have been produced by other printing methods.

Other Applications of 3D Printing Techniques in Fabrication of Piezoelectric Devices

Integrating 3D printing techniques into the fabrication of piezoelectric devices has ushered in a realm of possibilities for customization and design complexity. Conventional manufacturing methods often limit piezoelectric components' shapes and sizes, limiting their efficiency and versatility. 3D printing empowers engineers to fashion elaborate structures and complex geometrics, optimizing the performance of piezoelectric materials in unprecedented ways. This level of customization enables tailoring piezoelectric devices to specific applications, whether in the medical field for implantable sensors or in industrial environments for precision control systems.

A considerable advantage of 3D printing in piezoelectric applications is the ability to create intricate composite structures. Amalgamating different materials exhibiting various piezoelectric properties facilitates engineers in designing multifunctional devices with augmented capabilities. For instance, 3D printing allows the integration of rigid and flexible regions within a single device, catering to a spectrum of mechanical demands. This adaptability is particularly beneficial in developing wearable devices, where flexibility and conformability are essential for user comfort and overall performance.

In a technology-driven landscape, these evolving techniques hold immense potential to yield additional breakthroughs in creating compact, highly effective piezoelectric devices. This trajectory is set to define the future domain of sensing, actuation, energy harvesting, and other diverse applications.